MSU扩展绵羊

理解如何预防和治疗Sheep和Goat的脊髓灰质炎

BOB体育理查艾哈特 密歇根州立大学小型反射扩展专家

PIOSEPELOMALASIA(PEM)也被称为脑电离性坏死(CCN ), 并相对常见绵羊和山羊营养失序 。 绵羊和山羊中这种疾病的常用名称是Polio与人体传染性病毒完全无关(polimyelitis ), PEM案例如果在疾病课程早期检测成功处理,使识别早期症状成为绵羊和山羊生产者的关键问题

PEM推理

The most common cause of PEM is thiamine deficiency.  Thiamine is a B vitamin (vitamin B1) that plays a critical role in all cells, acting as a cofactor for several key enzymes involved in glucose metabolism.  Thiamine is especially important for proper brain function as the brain relies on glucose as its major source of energy.  Since the brain controls nearly all bodily functions, adequate thiamine levels in the brain are of critical importance for normal health and well-being.  Thiamine is not produced in animal cells but is produced by rumen microbes, which provide the major source of thiamine to adult sheep and goats.  Milk-fed lambs and kids must get thiamine preformed from their diet to meet requirements.  But then as they transition to becoming ruminants, they rely on their rumen microbes to synthesize thiamine as their thiamine source.  The incidence of polio tends to be higher in lambs and kids during the period when they transition to becoming full ruminants.

Inadequate thiamine levels are not the only cause of PEM in sheep and goats, but it is responsible for the vast majority of cases observed.  Another cause of PEM documented much better in cattle is excessive sulfur intake from sources including water, feed ingredients and forage.  Elevated dietary sources of sulfur in sheep and goat diets include by-product feeds of the ethanol industry such as wet or dry distiller's grains with solubles.  The sulfur content of these feeds may vary according to the processing plant or even the batch, as much of the additional sulfur content in these by products results from addition of acidifying agents such as sulfuric acid during the production process.  The usage of these sulfur-rich products varies across ethanol plants, so blanket statements regarding ethanol by-product feeds as being high in sulfur cannot be made.  Sheep and goats also consume cruciferous or brassica forages such as turnips, rape, mustard and oil seed meals!高富含硫

PEM还可能通过安眠药共解分解触发。安眠药有效竞争三聚安非他明进入脑中,并因此可诱发PEM。因此,安眠药动物应仔细观察脊髓灰质炎。PEM带入安眠药稀有但非稀有

PEM症状

Thiamine deficiency and/or high sulfur levels within the brain cause destruction of neurons and swelling of the brain which can be diagnosed by histological examination of brain tissue.   Therefore, PEM symptoms are manifest as neurological, with early symptoms being partial to complete blindness with the head held erect.  This may also be associated with unilateral (uneven) ear droop and/or unusual/exaggerated gait.  It is common for the pupils to be dilated and for the eyes to tear.  PEM affects animals of all ages but is most common in young lambs and kids transitioning from a milk to solid diet, and especially so in those fed a high-grain diet.   PEM is also found in adult small ruminants of either sex at any age but more commonly associated with changes in diet (change in the plane of nutrition, pasture type, pasture to forage feeding, forage feeding to grain addition, etc.).  PEM symptoms are similar regardless of age.  Early blindness symptoms lead within hours to a day to loss of body control, inability to stand, and seizures.  In more advances states, animals commonly arch their heads back as far as possible.  PEM symptoms may present itself similarly to listeriosis and even ketosis.  However, thiamine therapy is relatively benign, so it is best to treat with thiamine as a precaution.

PEM处理

多例PEM即时使用thiamine反应(最小剂量为10 mg/kg体重)。Effective but slightly more risky therapy would be to inject the first dose slowly intravenously (IV) followed by another dose provided intramuscularly (IM).  Animals occasionally respond rapidly to the initial dose, although slow recovery to standing may take up to 5 days with full recovery evident after 2-3 weeks.  The recommended dosage should be given twice per day for 2 days followed by once daily injection for 5 days.  Vitamin B complex formulations can be purchased containing thiamine, but it is highly recommended that producers have a bottle of concentrated thiamine on hand (250 to 500 mg/mL) at all times.   Concentrated formulations of thiamine are a prescription product, so be sure to work with your veterinarian on any PEM treatment program.  Additional therapeutic value may be found by administration of anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce brain inflammation along with thiamine administration.  Consult your veterinarian for information on the safe and effective use of anti-inflammatory drugs.

PEM动物可能需要数天才能站立,所以重要的是隔离所有案例并提供支持性护理以鼓励水和饲料消费(提供粮食和饲料自由选择鼓励站立和支食消费 ) 。 已经倒置数日的动物可能需要点帮助和再培训才能站立。 较高级的动物可能无法克服脑外伤并可能表示安乐死

预防PEM

Most cases of PEM are isolated and sporadic in nature and are associated with changes in feed of some sort.  Therefore, it is difficult to develop an effective prevention program for these cases, although making gradual dietary transitions will certainly reduce the incidence of PEM along with many other health concerns.  In circumstances when PEM becomes common such as in feedlot lambs that are in transition to a high or exclusively grain diet, the risk may be reduced by providing adequate dietary fiber.  Lamb/kid finishing diets that are low in fiber may need to be adjusted to raise dietary neutral detergent fiber (NDF) above 15%.  Another consideration in situations of high PEM incidence would be to make sure that part or all this NDF is provided in a physical form that encourages rumination, such as forage with a chop length greater than 3 inches.  Addition of feed grade thiamine can also be made to the diet, but this therapy can be expensive and its efficacy has not been thoroughly evaluated in growing lambs or kids.

图像显示有高级PEM症状的羔羊:头朝下无法站立

同一块绵羊4天后每日三聚安非他明治疗法完全恢复2周后,现在已成为产能4岁ewe

摘要

PEM常见的绵羊营养失序症,通常不干预地导致死亡。 和许多疾病和病症条件一样,早期检测是成功治疗的关键。 制作者应协同DVM制定治疗计划并随时确保瓶集中Thiami绵羊/小朋友食谱中发病率可能更高,在这种情况下,首先应增加饮食纤维作为预防措施